Santi, other COOL team members including Petar Penev, Chieri Ito, Roger Wartell, co-investigateor Anton S. Petrov and principal investigator Loren Dean Williams published exciting new findings in the Journal of Molecular Biology on March 8, 2019. The new results show that human ribosomes have evolved polymorphic expansion segments capable of forming G-quadruplexes. Their surface localization suggests roles in protein recruiting and polysome association. The research was funded by NASA.